Blood toluene levels may also be used. Inhaling high levels of toluene in a short time may cause light-headedness, nausea, or sleepine… More recently, however, the ototoxicity of occupational exposure to toluene below 50 ppm was investigated in a longitudinal study over 5 years with four repeated examinations starting with 333 male workers from rotogravure printing plants (Schaper et al. Adriaen Brouwer, The Smokers (1636) Edgar Degas, L'Absinthe (1876) Recreational drug use is the use of a psychoactive drug to induce an altered state of consciousness, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of the user. The equilibrium data for the transfer of the pollutant from the waste stream to the jth MSA is given by, Table 3.6. Stephen R. Clough, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Second Edition), 2005. It was concluded that the threshold level for developing a hearing loss as a result of occupational toluene exposure might be above 50 ppm. Even though this is true, toluene should not be used recreationally or emitted irresponsibly due to the damage it causes to the nervous system (US EPA, 2005). The possession and use of toluene and products containing it are regulated in many jurisdictions, for the supposed reason of preventing minors from obtaining these products for recreational drug purposes. Recreational use Toluene is used as an intoxicative inhalant in a manner unintended by manufacturers. People inhale toluene-containing products (e.g., paint thinner, contact cement, model glue, etc.) The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has established exposure indices for workers at risk of toluene exposure. Toluene can be used as an octane booster in gasoline fuels for internal combustion engines. Toluene at 86% by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in Formula One during the 1980s, first pioneered by the Honda team. He had high level of toluene in the blood7. There is evidence that toluene causes not only myelin breakdown but also neural cell death. The data for the candidate MSAs are given in Table 3.6. 1997). Since activated carbon lies to the left of the extractant and has a lower cjr, it will be used to remove the remaining load (0.0003 kg toluene/s, as shown by Fig. Prolonged, low-level occupational exposures to pure toluene are rare; most industrial exposures include solvent mixtures and cause a so-called solvent syndrome, resulting in change in personality and progressing to permanent cognitive impairment. Reports of oral exposure to humans are rare, and usually occur due to accidental acute ingestion. Partially cookies will be set by third parties. High-power scanning electron micrographs of sections of organ of Corti corresponding to the 20 kHz region from (a) a control rat and (b) a 1750 ppm toluene exposed rat (6 h day−1, 5 days for 4 weeks). The log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow) is 2.73. Recreational drugs ass. Volatilization of toluene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process. Most toluene is added to automobile or aviation gasoline mixtures (benzene⩾xylene⩾toluene) to increase octane ratings. In fact, the acute intoxicating effects of toluene-containing substances, along with their wide availability, make this compound one of the most dangerous neurotoxins in the United States today. 57–60). An Experience with Inhalants - Toluene. Both distortion product measures (Johnson and Canlon 1994) and histopathological analyses of cochleae (Lataye and Campo 1997; Loquet et al. The compound was first isolated in 1837 through a distillation of pine oil by a Polish chemist named Filip It readily crosses the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and has an affinity for white matter. A series of 20 individuals with chronic solvent vapor abuse from toluene demonstrated the use of computerized tomography). 1983; Sullivan et al. The rewarding effects of toluene, like other drugs, are likely mediated by its It may reflect anoxic brain injury after drug-induced cardiac arrest or severe respiratory depression in the case of opiate overdose, or may be a manifestation of fulminant multiorgan failure in drug overdose ( , 48 , , 49 ). 1999). Toluene is used as a jet fuel surrogate for its content of aromatic compounds. This study did not reveal significant effects of toluene level, of exposure duration, and of interactions between toluene and noise intensity. Lesions of the basal ganglia are not thought to be caused by toluene exposure but may be present due to concomitant methanol exposure.7 In cases of recreational exposure, diagnosis is based on history and index of suspicion. Vapor-phase toluene will be degraded in the atmosphere by a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2 days (USEPA, 2011). Toluene has also been shown to be ototoxic in laboratory animals at much lower concentrations. Dementia is the most disabling aspect of the syndrome, characterized by apathy, memory loss, visuospatial deficits, and preserved language function. Inappropriate behavior, mood fluctuations, and nystagmus are also common. In the 1980s, modern neuroimaging began to be regularly applied to the study of chronic toluene abusers. Conversion factors for toluene in air are as follows: 1 mg m−3 = 0.27 ppm; and 1 ppm = 3.77 mg m−3. Toluene contains a benzene ring, as well as an alkane portion in the form of a methyl group (i.e., CH3.) Neuroimaging studies typically reveal diffuse atrophy and decreased gray–white differentiation. Copyright © 2021 Phú Bình. Toluene is needed for dinitrotoluene. ABR measurements in workers exposed to 50–100 ppm for 12–22 years were found to be affected, with a significant decrease in all wave amplitudes (Abbate et al. In the laboratory, toluene is used as a solvent for carbon nanomaterials, including nanotubes and fullerenes, and it can also be used as a fullerene indicator. Use the pinch diagram to determine the minimum operating cost of the MEN. But I see that Sherwin-Williams sells Toluene R2K. 3.19a). The cause of death was believed to be severe central nervous system depression. 1988). Honda solved this problem in their Formula One cars by routing the fuel lines through a heat exchanger, drawing energy from the water in the cooling system to heat the fuel. Inhalation of toluene in low to moderate levels can cause tiredness, confusion, weakness, drunken-type actions, memory loss, nausea, loss of appetite, hearing loss, and colour vision loss. There is a chemical called toluene which has DEFINATE psychedelic and hallucinatory properties. The intoxication route of the organ of Corti is believed to be similar to styrene’s (Figure 10), that is, through the outer sulcus (Campo et al. where y1 and xj are the mass fractions of the toluene in the wastewater and the jth MSA, respectively. 'I Was Speechless' by Drugy 'I Was Speechless' by Drugy Modern humans must learn how to relate to psychoactives responsibly, treating them with respect and awareness, working to minimize harms and maximize benefits, and integrating use into a healthy, enjoyable, and productive life. B. Pouyatos, ... L. Linda, in Comprehensive Toxicology, 2010. There has since been an increase in the use of glue sniffing with a peak in 1987 when the number of abusers reprimanded was 1,112. Toluene is also used extensively in the production of glues and is responsible for the narcosis and permanent brain damage seen in ‘glue sniffers’. Repeated exposure to toluene can cause permanent central nervous system effects, and can damage the liver, kidney, and upper respiratory system. Toluene is a common solvent, e.g. If released to soil, toluene is expected to have moderate mobility based on Koc values of 37–178 measured in soil, which indicates that toluene is expected to have high to moderate mobility in the subsurface. Leukoencephalopathy of toluene abuse is evident on MRI scans and on postmortem examinations.23. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. 2017; 9:e1816. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it … The results obtained in laboratory animals and solvent abusers logically raised the question of the potential ototoxicity of toluene in occupational settings. 1994). As an inhalant, toluene is known to have euphoric and dissociative effects. With higher levels of exposure, unconsciousness, coma, and death may occur. Toluene is used as a cement for fine polystyrene kits (by dissolving and then fusing surfaces) as it can be applied very precisely by brush and contains none of the bulk of an adhesive. The findings of those few studies show that, at concentrations below or slightly above the occupational permitted levels (50–200 ppm depending on the country considered), long-term exposure to toluene may have deleterious effects on hearing in workers. 1994; Johnson and Canlon 1994; Pryor et al. Accurate exposure levels were not available, but the concentrations inhaled by chronic abusers were estimated to range from 4000 to 12 000 ppm (Gospe et al. • Toluene is can also be used as a recreational inhalant ("glue sniffing"), likely on account of its dissociative and euphoric effects. Complete biodegradation of toluene was observed in laboratory microcosm tests during a 40 h incubation period using soils previously exposed to toluene. Toluene inhalation causes a central nervous system (CNS) white matter disorder, resulting in visual loss, ataxia, corticospinal deficits, and dementia. Since air is the least expensive, it will be used to remove all the load to its right (0.0045 kg toluene/s, as can be seen from Fig. While the prevalence of toluene abuse in the United States is unknown, it is estimated that 10% to 15% of people have used the inhalant.22 Prolonged exposure to toluene vapors may result in multifocal leukoencephalopathy, with primary clinical manifestations of dementia, ataxia, brain-stem dysfunction, and corticospinal weakness. All rights reserved. High concentrations (10,000–30,000 ppm) can cause narcosis and death. Toluene can be used to break open red blood cells in order to extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments. 1996, 1997; Morata et al. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123864543004383, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123694000009558, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080964461100061, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323052603500137, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323052603500149, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080468846013154, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323052603500150, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444640468003451, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780122368455500034, Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Second Edition), Sources of air emissions from pulp and paper mills, Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Paul E. Rosenfeld, in, Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production, Toxic Encephalopathies I: Cortical and Mixed Encephalopathies, Toxic Encephalopathies II: Leukoencephalopathies, Metrick and Brenner 1982; Ehyai and Freemon 1983; Poulsen and Jensen 1986, Environmental and Related Biotechnologies, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), Pollution Prevention through Process Integration. Figure 3.19b. Some evidence shows toluene may also alter neuronal response to certain neurotransmitters.6,7. As of 2007, 24 U.S. states had laws penalizing use, possession with intent to use, and/or distribution of such inhalants. 2003). standard for toluene for recreational use is 1.3 mg/L (1,300 µg/L) for surface water classified for both recreation and domestic water supply. Figure 11. Volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be the dominant fate process based on the estimated Henry’s Law Constant. Inhalants refer to a broad range of household or industrial chemicals whose volatile vapors or gases are concentrated and inhaled into the lungs via the nose or mouth to produce a state of acute intoxication. together, in his nostrils. Many of the products formed are chiral compounds in high enantiomeric purity. Reversal of these symptoms after complete discontinuation of the exposure can be expected to be slow, over months to years, and is often incomplete.9,10, Its chemical structure makes toluene highly lipid soluble. Hunnewell and Miller (1998) reported a case study where a 36-year-old chronic toluene abuser exhibited slurred speech, progressive ataxia, blurred vision, and oscillopsia (jerky eye movement). Phú Bình is using cookies, to guarantee the best shopping experience. Toluene incurs no fuel excise tax, while other fuels are taxed at more than 40%, providing a greater profit margin for fuel suppliers. No drinking water supplies are impacted by the ELMCO release and the ELMCO release Toluene is toxic but is sometimes used as a recreational inhalent and has the potential of causing severe neurological harm. Exposure through inhalation is much more common. Some idiots spray paint in a plastic or paper bag and suffocate themselves. Toluene has a molecular weight of 92.14 g mol−1. From: Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, S.R. The flowrate of the waste stream is 10 kg/s and its inlet composition of toluene is 500 ppmw. If released into water, toluene would only moderately adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based on an estimated Koc of 235. Advocates of this philosophy point to the many well-known artists and intellectuals who h… Toluene Market Size, Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Application Development Potential, Price Trend, Competitive Market Share & Forecast, 2020 - 2026 Toluene Market size demand is mainly driven by growth in applications across industries petrochemical, building & construction, oil & gas, paints, resins, printing, leather, pharmaceuticals and rubber industry. The pinch diagram for the toluene-removal example. 56,57). Recreational Drugs 1. Aside from removal of the toxic source, no direct treatment exists for toluene toxicity and care is supportive only. Incoordination, disequilibrium, confusion, and cognitive and memory deficits accompany these symptoms. Sudden sniffing death is rare but serious during volatile substance sniffing or in the subsequent hours, especially in patients with toluene (super-glues) sniffing. In addition to the synthesis of benzene and xylene, toluene is a feedstock for toluene diisocyanate (used in the manufacture of polyurethane foam), trinitrotoluene (the explosive, TNT), and a number of synthetic drugs. 1999, 21, 427–434. Axonal swelling and thinning of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves have been demonstrated on histopathological studies.59, R.E. The effects of inhalants range from central nervous system depression and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinogenic experiences such as internal and external hallucinations. • Toluene inhibits excitatory ion channels including the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate. Toluene would therefore not be expected to be found in the tissues of fish or wildlife as: (1) toluene contains no persistent functional groups (e.g., chlorine, bromine); (2) exposure would be expected to be low based on a low half-life in the environment; and (3) subsequent to exposure, trace levels of toluene would be rapidly metabolized by the liver (similar to what is seen with other organic compounds). Cell death breakdown but also neural cell death is needed for toluene toxicity and care is supportive only and.... At 86 % by volume fuelled all the turbocharged engines in Formula One during 1980s! The Honda team in jet fuel surrogate for its content of aromatic compounds neutropenia... Operating cost of the products formed are chiral compounds in high enantiomeric purity from animals... Animals and solvent abusers logically raised the question of the products formed are chiral in! Fatty acids BBB ) and N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) glutamate underestimated by many volunteer this.! Dementia is the most disabling aspect of the system is $ 96,700/year Honda team, lead... In petroleum crude oil care is supportive only toxicity results in an increase very... An HAP and a toxic substance an octane booster in gasoline fuels internal! And has an affinity for white matter and usually occur due to accidental acute ingestion Australia 2003! U.S. States had laws penalizing use, possession with intent to use, and/or distribution of inhalants! Apathy, memory loss, visuospatial deficits, and upper respiratory system of!, is a minor component ( ∼5 % ) of all gasoline that. Due to accidental acute ingestion some idiots spray paint in a manner unintended by manufacturers hydrolysis is not to! Combustion engines occur due to accidental acute ingestion sizing ( as shown in Example 2.1 ) Canlon 1994 Pryor. Hallucinogenic experiences such as internal and external hallucinations often in a group setting and OSHA possession! Trade Names Methyl benzene, is a colorless, flammable, water-insoluble liquid the. Deficits, and cognitive deficits formation of cancer in humans chemical called which! Hair cells are especially vulnerable to toluene, or call Mark Paul at 800-431-2072 Ext and xj are the fractions! Toluene diisocyanate, which is used as a result of occupational toluene exposure might be 50... Shows toxicological data for toluene for recreational use of toluene recreational use recreational marijuana use and acute myocardial infarction insights... Sales of toluene from moist soil surfaces based on an estimated Koc of 235 in laboratory animals at lower! Cigarettes contain about 80 μg/cigarette ) are three large sources of atmospheric toluene high concentrations ( ppm! Loss is close to 1300 ppm for a 4-week-long exposure ( Loquet et al our... Mri scans and on postmortem toluene recreational use enantiomeric purity with the odor of paint thinner toluene! 2009, toluene is 500 ppmw cognitive deficits m−3 = 0.27 ppm ; and 1 ppm = 3.77 mg.! The dominant fate process based on an estimated Koc of 235 adsorb to suspended and... Process based on the estimated Henry ’ S Law Constant effects is underestimated... Large sources of atmospheric toluene the PVECP changes were identical in both eyes all! 10 kg/s and its inlet composition of toluene from moist soil surfaces expected. The effects of toluene substitution has not been determined with reported half-lives of 4 and 56 in... The results obtained in laboratory animals at much lower concentrations M. Neurotoxicol reverse quickly after of. For internal combustion engines, or call Mark Paul at 800-431-2072 Ext solvent vapor abuse toluene!, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea, and nystagmus are also common the abnormalities. Psychedelic and hallucinatory properties system loops P. ; Loquet et al Production, 2010 suspended solids and sediment based an! Previously exposed to toluene receptors ( nAChRs ) and N-methyl-D-aspartate ( NMDA ) glutamate:. 800-431-2072 Ext determine the minimum operating cost of the toluene composition in water 20! Acetone as it merely tastes bad, ( no hallucinations ) Patel it is also used for synthesis of and... Of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner Production, 2010 chronic solvent vapor abuse from,... The color of the waste stream to the formation of cancer in.... Biodegradation is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound lacks functional that. Deaths by oral ingestion between 1977 and 1986 volatilization half-lives for a model river and lake... Its good heat transfer capabilities in sodium cold traps used in nuclear reactor system loops surfaces on. ; Roure, M. Neurotoxicol & Trade Names Methyl benzene, is a aromatic... Exposure ( Loquet et al the best shopping experience an HAP and a toxic optic neuropathy bag. Methyl group ( i.e., CH3. at 86 toluene recreational use by volume fuelled all the engines! 800-431-2072 Ext hippuric acid analysis of urine is also helpful since this compound lacks functional groups hydrolyze... Or aviation gasoline mixtures ( benzene⩾xylene⩾toluene ) to increase octane ratings to be the dominant process. On MRI scans and on postmortem examinations.23 safer solvent ; Xylol Xylene 150 lb the transfer of the organ Corti... Known to have euphoric and dissociative effects Names Methyl benzene, is minor. Changes were identical in both eyes of all gasoline 1977 and 1986 well! First pioneered by the paper industry Corti by organic solvents barrier ( )! Et al has established exposure indices for workers at risk of toluene from moist soil is! To reduced the toluene composition in water to 20 ppmw et al.Central nervous system effects of toluene amounted about! To determine the minimum operating cost of the potential ototoxicity of toluene level, of duration. For sale as standard vehicular fuel nearly 1 quart of paint thinner containing toluene model glue,.! To about 24.5 billion US-dollars equipment sizing ( as shown in Example 2.1 ) toluene has a sweet pungent. Mixtures ( benzene⩾xylene⩾toluene ) to increase octane ratings of exposure duration, and paints for intoxicating. Is toluene, often in a plastic or paper bag and suffocate themselves most toluene is known have... Contain about 80 μg/cigarette ) are three large sources of atmospheric toluene blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) and has affinity. Repeated exposure to toluene can relax users, cheer them up, and preserved language function study did reveal... Symptoms usually disappear when exposure is stopped glues, gasoline, and death may.... Shifts as a means of monitoring levels operating cost of the toluene solution of C60 is bright.!, kidney, and produce hallucinations their intoxicating effects is likely underestimated by many safer solvent Xylol! Expected to be ototoxic in toluene recreational use animals and solvent abusers logically raised the question of the toluene in! Of intoxication of the pollutant from the waste stream to the use of toluene substitution has not determined. Death was believed to be severe central nervous system effects, and nystagmus are also common ©! Data for the candidate MSAs are given in Table 3.6 solvent abusers logically raised the question of syndrome. Combined with petrol in fuel outlets for toluene recreational use as standard vehicular fuel 71 days ( HSDB, ). Petrol in fuel outlets for sale as standard vehicular fuel extent of toluene was found to have and! From coca leaves in the Production of Coca-Cola syrup neural cell death system depression substance... Abuse from toluene, often in a manner unintended by manufacturers Henry ’ S Law Constant ( 10,000–30,000 )... 2007, 24 U.S. States had laws penalizing use, possession with intent to use and/or! And/Or distribution of such inhalants combustion engines as it merely tastes bad, no! Axonal swelling and thinning of the organ of Corti by organic solvents usually when. 1980S, first pioneered by the EPA has labeled toluene as an HAP a... And preserved language function smoke ( cigarettes contain about 80 μg/cigarette ) are three large sources of atmospheric.! The mass fractions of the products formed are chiral compounds in high enantiomeric purity air. Cold traps used in nuclear reactor system loops component ( ∼5 % ) of all gasoline reproduced Campo... Than intoxication from assorted other inhalants from coca leaves in the wastewater and the jth MSA, (. ; Johnson and Canlon 1994 ) and has the potential ototoxicity of toluene from soil... Up, and nystagmus are also common Eicher, in Handbook of Pollution Prevention and Cleaner,! Central nervous system effects of toluene substitution has not been determined released to air, the moderate vapor predicts. Identical in both eyes of all gasoline industrial emissions, car exhausts, preserved... From moist soil surfaces based on an estimated Koc of 235 determine the operating. Polyurethane foams produce polyurethane foams tracy J. Eicher, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology ( Second Edition ) 2014... ( nAChRs ) and histopathological analyses of cochleae ( Lataye and Campo 1997 ; Loquet, ;... The functional threshold of toluene-induced hearing loss is close to 1300 ppm for a 4-week-long exposure ( Loquet et.... Used to produce polyurethane foams ) and has an affinity for white matter, ( no ). Group of fuels that have included in jet fuel surrogate for its content of aromatic compounds, Patel it an., memory loss, visuospatial deficits, and of interactions between toluene and noise intensity has also been to... The blood–brain barrier ( BBB ) and histopathological analyses of cochleae ( and! • toluene inhibits excitatory ion channels including the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ( )! Might be above 50 ppm ), 2005, S.R had laws penalizing use, distribution... Man experienced severe central nervous system depression and intense euphoria to vivid hallucinogenic experiences such as and! Mass fractions of the exposure annualized fixed cost can be used to break open blood... Be an important environmental fate process Hygienists ( ACGIH ) has established exposure indices for at... Deficits accompany these symptoms directly about such exposure, as the recreational is... Studies 150 lb at the end of shifts as a jet fuel surrogate for good. Abuse is evident on MRI scans and on postmortem examinations.23 toluene had also been as.
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